Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Sustainability Website, And There Are Some Positive...

I have recently reviewed the UMass sustainability website, and there is some positive things that I have seen. There are also some things that could be improved upon. I will be discussing a number of different issues regarding communication of sustainability, and how UMass appears to be approaching those issues, as well as ways to improve our initiative. To begin with I would like to state that there is a difference between the dominant and ecological paradigm in the context of the sustainability initiative. The dominate paradigm is what values in a society that are most standard and widely held. Dominant paradigms are shaped both by the community s cultural background. The ecological paradigm sees the current dominant paradigm as†¦show more content†¦If what they say in their first statement is true, this is a good step. Exploring and communicating ways to improve upon our communities practices, ideas, and technologies would fall into the new ecological paradigm. It would be an attempted to shift away from the dominant unsustainable paradigm. The next point mentioned in the mission statement is â€Å"We educate the campus community to create a healthier and more responsible environment†. Education of a community is how a paradigm shift will happen. Education about what is unsustainable, why being unsustainable is har mful, and how to become more sustainable is absolutely vital in order to shift a community s thoughts, ideas, and behaviors. Next the mission statement says that â€Å"We develop progressive solutions to reduce negative environmental impacts in ways that are economically beneficial†. Solutions to reduce negative environmental impacts are what is needed in order to change from unsustainable to sustainable. Understanding problems won’t help unless solutions to those problems are known. Lastly, the mission statement says that â€Å"We create and consistently advocate for a diverse inclusive culture of sustainability throughout the campus community and beyond†. By trying to create and advocate a culture of sustainability, they are also trying to shift the paradigms from the dominate to ecological. Based on the information provided by the mission statements, I would have to say

Monday, December 23, 2019

Employee Work Motivation - 1386 Words

Motivated employees are important to an organization, because work motivation relates to the performance of employees and their behaviour towards the organization (Katzell Thompson, 1990). â€Å"Managers see motivation as an integral part of the performance equation at all levels, while researchers see it as a fundamental building block in the development of useful theories of effective management practice (Steers, Mowday, Shapiro, 2004, p. 379)†. In this study the role of work motivation of prospective employees played a central role, because in this study it was investigated if motivation to work for an organization was influenced by the ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. The term motivation is derived from the Latin word†¦show more content†¦Table 1: Some potential ways of satisfying employee needs (Champagne McAfee as cited in Ramlall, 2004, p.54). Need Examples Physiological Cafeterias, vending machines, drinking fountains Security Economic Physiological Physical Wages and salaries, fringe benefits Provide job descriptions, avoid abrupt changes Working conditions, rest periods Affiliation Create team spirit, encourage social interaction Esteem Use praise and awards, delegate responsibilities Self-actualization Give training, provide challenges The need theory of Maslow focused on 5 needs, MacClelland came up with a work motivation theory, who just like Maslow focused on the needs. However, MacClellands (1961) theory focused on three needs, the need for achievement, the need for power and the need for affiliation. The need for achievement means that someone strives to success. By the need for power is meant that one would have the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have done otherwise. One must feel in control. The third need is the need for affiliation, which means that a person wants to have relationships with others, specifically friendly and close personal relationships (MacClelland, 1961). All these theories are intended to motivate employees that already work for the organization. However, these theories can also be applied to prospective employees, because they must be motivated as well. In thisShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Rationalization Of Work On Employee Motivation2531 Words   |  11 Pag esproductivity and outcome has a strong correlation with workers and motivation. Motivation is about allocating rewards to satisfy the interests of both individuals and the organization, and it deals with workers exclusively in an organization. Therefore, why and how human behaviour is activated have been studied and argued for a long time. However, it is a managerial challenge to identify and manage factors that affect motivation results from motivation is a complex phenomenon. Rationalization, emphasis on rationalRead MoreThe Effect Of Flexible Work Programs On Employee Motivation1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Flexible Work Programs on Employee Motivation Overview Since the 1990s, many single parents have entered the workforce and their children are suffering as a result. These working parents are forced to leave their children to raise themselves while they work rigid schedules. Meanwhile, many children are not receiving the guidance and attention they need to flourish in society. This leaves our future in the hands of children without the necessary guidance needed to succeed. 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Indeed, in their research study, Ganesh and Mangalore (2016) established a strong link between employee motivation and customer retention. Therefore, any effort to improve the performance of an organization should begin with addressing human resource issues in the attempt to improve its motivation. Employee motivation has been a central area of focus in organizational behavior issues and studies. ScholarsRead MoreMotivation : Motivation And Motivation1341 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation Motivation is, according to the text, â€Å"A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity and persistence.† (Colquitt) When one hears the word â€Å"motivation†, one automatically thinks of an individual’s reasoning behind a certain task or performance. In terms of job motivation, it is what pushes or encourages a person to not only perform the work tasks, but to also be successful in the positionRead MoreTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE1110 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation can be a key-contributing factor in employee performance. It is of great importance to an organization to recognize ways in which it can use employee motivation to positively affect employee performance. The methods used by organizations to motivate its employees are essential in determining how they affect employee performance. There are both positive and negative motivational tools that may be explored. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between motivation andRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On The Workplace759 Words   |  4 Pagesto discuss is that of motivation in the workplace. Problems of motivation can cause performance issues, which cost businesses thousands of dollars each year (Nordmeyer). Low motivation delays employees from completing their work and causes many mistakes made within the workplace (Nordmeyer). The definition of motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, as well as persistence of effort, towards attaining a goal (Robbins, p. 175). Motivation is a big issue for manyRead MoreDoes Employee Motivation Drive An Organization For Success Or Failure?1570 Words   |  7 PagesDoes employee motivation drive an organization to success or failure? The answer is both, or perhaps more correctly, either, as high levels of employee motivation tend to correlate with success while low levels of motivation tend to correlate with failure. To fully understand this correlation, one needs to understand how motivation plays into a public/nonprofit organization. Motivation is a factor that can push a person to achieve great potential. Employees, whether individually or collectively

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Development from Conception to Age 16 Years Old Free Essays

string(82) " concentration on strategies during physical games such as netball, football etc\." All children develop but this is at different levels. In this section I am going to look at and discuss how four to five year olds develop physically and the language and communication development of four to five year olds. And then in the next section look at the same developments but for older children 8-16 years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Development from Conception to Age 16 Years Old or any similar topic only for you Order Now Physical development relates to physical movements. Becoming independent is closely linked to physical development. Communication and language development relates to the ability to talk, listen to and understand what others are saying and to be able to interpret body language including facial expressions. Also involved within this development is reading and writing skills. Communication and language development is closely linked with cognitive development. There are two main ways in which children develop physically (1) fine motor skills, these are the smaller movements that occur of the hands, wrists, fingers, toes etc. and (2) gross motor skills, these being the larger muscle movements for example running jumping etc. At age four to five children’s gross motor skills will include aiming, throwing, catching and kicking of a ball, hopping on one foot, walking a fine line, to be able to change direction when running, pedal and climb with confidence. Balancing and co-ordination skills by this age are developing very quickly, a five year old will be able to jump a rope, balance on one foot, maybe be able to ride a bike with no stabilizers, use his/her waist to bend, they will be able to touch their toes without bending their knees, speed and agility is developed, running becomes at a faster speed and they are able to respond quickly to obstacles when running. The fine motor skills that four to five year olds will develop are that they will be able to button and unbutton, string beads onto a piece of string, cut with scissors, build a block tower using at least ten blocks, being able to confidently put a twelve piece jigsaw together and hold a pencil/pen not using the clench fist grip. By five years old the child will be able to write more letters than they previously could, if taught to they will be able to write their own name, the pictures that a 4 to 5 year old draws should contain some recognisable objects, they will by this age of developed enough muscle control to cut more accurately and with precision, they will now be able to dress themselves and use a knife and fork correctly. Self-expression and communication opens up as children begin to develop their language skills. Although as previously stated children do develop at different paces, most 4-5 year olds are beginning to use language in a much more sophisticated manner than previously and their understanding of language has increased dramatically. †¢By the time a child reaches the age of 4 years old, the majority of them will be able to speak fluently enough to effectively hold short conversations with adults. By this age their speech will consist of full sentences of four or more words that are correctly strung together. Al though children at 4 may still make mistakes with grammar and struggle to use past tense correctly e. g. I seed it’ instead of ‘I saw it’. At four children will have a large vocabulary including words such as colours, body parts, household items etc. The pronunciation of these words is generally correct at this age. By five, a child’s vocabulary will be increased from that of a 4 year old and will contain between 2000 and 5000 words, 5 year old s will use all these words when communicating and will recognise them also. At 5 years old the child will now have an understanding of jokes and riddles and may even begin to re tell jokes to other people. At this age if asked the child should be able to tell you basic information about themselves i. . full name, their birthday etc. The sentence structure of a 5 year old will be more complex than that of a 4 year old, sentences used will be longer and with fewer grammatically errors. An interest in reading and writing may now develop and by 5 a child may be able to recognize simple and short words and their own name. Vocabulary is about 5000 words and their speech is fluent. †¢Children should be able to understand more complex instructions, and concepts such as first/last, same/different. †¢They should be able to understand most types of questions. †¢Their grammar is usually correct when talking but occasional errors may still occur. They should be able to take turns when talking and be involved with longer conversations. †¢They should be able to tell you about an event fairly clearly. †¢Should be able to follow more than one instruction. †¢They should understand harder questions such as â€Å"When? † †¢They should be able to describe events in sequence order. †¢They should be able to define a word when asked e. g. â€Å"What is a ball? † a child will say â€Å"You catch it / kick it† †¢A child’s speech can generally be understood †¢They should be able to understand some implied or suggested information in stories and conversations. Milestones for children’s development can be found from the EYFS and many other websites, these give charts of what most children should be able to do at certain ages. Please see appendix for an example of a development milestone chart for children. By the time a child reaches the age of 8-12 their fine motor skills become much more refined and this allows for much more intricate work/activities to be done as example knitting. By this age less concentration is needed meaning that children will talk whilst using their hands for fine motor movements. Gross motor skills are developed further between the ages of 8-12 years old there will be an increase in the child’s co-ordination and perceptual skills thus allowing children of this age to have more concentration on strategies during physical games such as netball, football etc. You read "Development from Conception to Age 16 Years Old" in category "Essay examples" †¢The development of language and communication is clearly visible when a child is between 8 and 12 years old, they will have gained a much greater confidence in reading and writing skills, their vocabulary continues to increase and they will now use problem solving and reasoning language. to 12 years – Children will be able to communicate in a clear and fluent manner. †¢Written communication skills become more refined, although children of this age will still be more able to express themselves verbally and non-verbally than in a written form. †¢Vocabulary continues to increase, with children questioning, reasoning, chatting and telling jokes. †¢The rules of grammar are learnt and are being used more. †¢The language young people use within this age band is often littered with phrases and sayings current to their times. Lev Vygotsky believes that the inexperienced can learn from the experienced, which allows less experienced learners to accomplish more complex tasks. Vygotsky believed that language played a very important part in the development of learning and thinking. He believed language was essential in order to enable the children to think in the abstract. One of Vygotskys main points within his theory was that cognitive development is driven by social interaction. He put great emphasis on the fact that he believed culture played an important role in shaping the cognitive development of children. Vygotsky talks about the ZPD which stands for Zones of proximal development and this is what he uses to describe the difference of what a person can achieve/do without help so unaided and what he/she can do with help and guidance. Vygotskys theory emphasises the fundamental importance and the role of social interaction. According to Vygotsky (1978) much important learning occurs through social interaction that the child is involved in with a more skilled person, teacher, parent/ carer etc. He believed that language was an accelerator to thinking/understanding. His theory states that language is developed from social interactions, for the purpose of communication and that later on in a child’s development language ability becomes internalized as thought and inner speech. Vygotsky believed that thought and thinking is a result of language. The Nature vs. Nurture Theory has been heavily debated by theorists for years. At the center of the debate is whether or not an individual’s personality is more influenced by his/ her genetic structure (nature) or the environment in which he or she grows up (nurture). The Nature versus Nurture theory states that physical development depends on the environment a child is raised in, genetic makeup is inherited from a child’s parents and is set at conception, these determine things such as height, eye colour etc, this is nature’s influence. A child’s environment and experiences influence health and activity levels for that individual which contributes to the physical development of a child. The child’s environment is the framework and basis in which he/she physically interacts with the world. Some scientists believe that a way a person acts and behaves is according to genetic predispositions this is where the ‘nature’ part of the theory comes in. Other scientists believe that an individual’s behaviour is taught therefore this is where the ‘nurture’ part of the theory comes in. Some theorists think that we behave as we do according to genetic predispositions or even â€Å"animal instincts. † This is known as the â€Å"nature† theory of human behaviour. Other theorists believe that we think and behave in certain ways because we are taught to do so. This is known as the â€Å"nurture† theory of human behaviour. There are many different observations techniques. In my 3 observations I used (1) A written narrative, this is a written account of what you actually see and hear, (2) A check list, this is a table with activities and then you tick to say whether the child you are observing can do them, can’t do them or is working towards achieving them and lastly (3) A time sample this is similar to a written narrative but you observe the child at regular intervals and record the time and what the child is doing and saying. It is vital that all information gathered from an observation is kept confidential. This can be achieved by ensuring no names are disclosed including child’s name and setting information. Using coding is a good working practice for child care providers and it is essential to ensure information is on a need to know basis only, as an example when writing up an observation TC is used for target child, or FC for focus child, this means the child’s name is not disclosed therefore complying with confidentiality. The Data Protection Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament and it defines the law on the processing of personal information. It states that information gathered must not be disclosed without permission/consent, this act therefore supports the safeguarding of all children as it ensures that confidentiality occurs within the setting. The observations are kept safely so that they are not on show and only the teachers would have access to them, the parents/carers do however have the right to see them if they wish too. The observations are kept on a need to know basis. Diversity; the diversity of something is the fact that it contains many very different elements, a range of things that are very different from each other. The concept of Diversity brings together acceptance and respect and an understanding that every individual is unique. It is paramount that diversity exists within a childcare setting. All children come from a variety of backgrounds and family structures, and this should always be respected by a childcare practitioner. This could include things such as a child’s culture, language, beliefs and their care needs. For children to learn and be happy they need to have love, affection, stimulation and physical care but this however can be at different levels thus meaning a childcare provider must establish a positive attitude to all children in their care and their families. To ensure diversity occurs as a childcare practitioner you should ensure that you find out the background of all children as an example find out their likes and dislikes. It is essential you are always observant so that you are aware and can identify if and when a child in your care needs something. You should make sure activities that are available reflect a wide range of cultures and backgrounds. Part of your daily practice should involve talking to all children and their parents/carers. Ensuring that you make it visible that all children and their families are accepted by you a as practitioner. It is crucial that you do not have any prejudices or show any ill feeling towards any of the children in your care or their families at any time. Inclusion; this involves making a person or thing part of a group or collection, to include everyone/everything. Inclusive practice is essential when working with children as a childcare provider. To ensure this occurs as a practitioner you must make sure that every child feels part of the group and is included in whatever you do e. g. activities that are offered should cater for all the needs of all the children within the group. As a childcare provider you must ensure that you show how you will meet the needs of individual children and their families in a way that will make them feel comfortable and not that they are being excluded or classed as a nuisance. Inclusive practices can be achieved by making sure that childcare practitioners are welcoming to everyone regardless of their background. It is vital that you show all children in your care that you like them, this will be achieved by getting down to their level , gaining eye contact when you’re talking to them or the child is talking to you, always ensure a child has your full attention and that you actually listen to what they have to say. A practitioner should always encourage all children in their care to participate during activities within the setting but you must not force a child to do anything against their wishes. Another way that as a childcare provider you could ensure inclusive practice is to be sure that all parents/carers receive the same information this may mean adapting it to fit their needs for example if their primary language isn’t English you could have the information translated into their first language. Evaluation of the obseravtions that I carried out are as follows, TC child is mainly achieving beyond the norms for his age according to the EYFS. According to the EYFS the learning goals for 5 year olds are to *’Move with control and co-ordination’, TC is already achieving this as illustrated by my tick chart (see appendix), TC could do all but one of the activities, and is working towards the star jumps, sometimes being able to do them and sometimes not. The EYFS also states that 5 year olds should be able to * ‘Jump off an object and land appropriately. The time sample observation from an outdoor play session shows that TC jumped off a pirate ship in the playground and fell over, this may be because he was just enjoying his outdoor playtime and was caught up in the moment of playing ‘pirates’. TC is also achieving most the norms for his age within language and communication he can read all his key words and also write them from memory this is clear ly shown in my written narrative observation, the EYFS says that by this age children should be able to *’use talk to gain attention’ TC showed and discussed with the teacher the writing he had done. The EFYS also says that at this age children should ‘take account of what others say’ I would say that from my observations TC needs some extra support with understanding how his actions could make other people feel in the observation I noted he preferred to play alone within the free play session rather than with other children and when another child ask to play with him he responded ‘no’, this may be because TC didn’t need any help doing the puzzle but further observations could help to identify if there any problems with his sharing skills. From the observations I did TC is at the right stage with his language development. To improve his physical development I would suggest a physical education lesson which includes practicing star jumps and ensuring when jumping off of objects you land safely. The purpose of observations is so as a childcare practitioner you are able to see where children are in their development, to observe what stages they are at, and to see if they are at the correct stages for their age. From the findings of the observations a practitioner can evaluate the evidence and then plan ways to extend the child’s learning and development. The planning cycle is key to ensure that all children within the setting can achieve and reach their full potential. By this I mean PLAN ; the planning of the observation to take place, DO ; carry out the observation and REVIEW ; assess and evaluate results and findings from the observation, and plan ways to improve (see appendix). For example if you plan an observation and the child isn’t always achieving what they should be, then as a practitioner you could plan to re do the activity enabling and ensuring as a practitioner the children in your care will achieve and reach the goals set. From observations you will be able to assess individual children’s needs and implement ways to improve and promote their development. As an example if a child lacks fine motor skills you could plan an activity involving cutting and gluing thus providing the child with experiences and activities to help them improve and develop their fine motor skills. Child observations are vital within a childcare setting to promote all children’s development. It is essential that confidentiality is adhered to when carrying out all observations. It is important that as a childcare practitioner you seek parents/carers permission, this is so the parents are aware of what is going on and so that they know what you are observing on their child. If permission wasn’t requested this could result in the parent being unhappy and could result in the child being at risk. The information gathered from an observation should be correctly stored in a suitable place where only service professional have access to it. As a childcare practitioner the child’s safety and welfare is paramount, therefore confidentiality is of upmost importance to ensure this occurs. There are strict policies and procedures within all settings and these support confidentiality and ensure it occurs. Objectivity in observations is very important if you as the observer are not objective then the observation will be bias. If the observer is not objective this could result in untrue observations being recorded, observers could develop an opinion about what they think the results should be. To ensure that reliable results are recorded during observations you must be objective, as a childcare practitioner you can’t be prejudice and must not take into account ethnic background etc. Therefore objectivity leads to reliable results and results that you would be able to compare to other results. Objectivity has to occur as not one person can observe all children, you need to be objective to be able to compare results fairly, or conclude what milestones the child being observed has reached. As a practitioner you have to carry out observations and assessments. There are many implications that a childcare provider must consider within their working practice. One of these limitations is weather the observation has validity. A practitioner must focus on if the achievements and findings from the observation are a true indicator and that the learning outcomes that were intended were stuck to. A practitioner must think about and consider how reliable their observation results are, there could many reasons why the findings are not reliable for example the child being observed may be ill or having an off day this would result in the observation having to be carried out again at a later date. When recording observations a practitioner must consider the best observation technique to use and ensure no pre-assumptions, bias, or personal opinions are bought into it, making sure as a practitioner you only record what you actually see and not what you think you see or what you think the child can achieve. To be able to observe children Legislation states you must seek parents’ permission to do so, it is therefore essential that excellent parent/teacher relations are built and maintained. Having good relationships with parents/carers means that the parent will feel free to come and disclose information to you which may result in you as the practitioner not carrying out a planned observation but re-scheduling it ensuring results are as reliable as they can be. For example a parent/carer may come in and say to the teacher that the family pet had died and child A is very upset, this would obviously impact on a child’s behaviour and if an observation was to still be carried out the results would not be reliable. Sometimes the practitioner may need to seek advice from other service professionals and they would need to ensure a good working partnership which would in turn enable the child to reach their best possible learning outcomes, e. g. speech therapist, a translator etc. When observing within the setting this could be disrupted to the rest of the class and could have an impact on the results of the observation for example you may need it to be quiet and this may not always be possible. As a childcare provider you need to ensure all other staff members are aware of what you are doing, so that when you are doing an observation they don’t interrupt etc. Some activities may have to be changed or adjusted to fit the aims of the observation and this could cause disruption or be confusing so you would have to do the activity more than once to ensure realistic ecordings of the observation. Vygotskys theory can be and is applied to working practice today. He believed that relationships are key to learning; this can be seen within a setting by the fact that children do well and achieve if there is mutual trust and a good teacher/child relationship. This can be supported in that as a childcare provider you should have respect for all children in your car e with no prejudices or pre assumptions etc. Vygotsky also stated that language was one of the most important tools in a child’s development. Part of the daily routine within a childcare setting should involve the practitioner talking to all children, this results in ideas that are being discussed being developed and language is used to think. His theory also discusses that children can develop further. Therefore observations are important in working out the next steps and building on the child’s current levels. According to Vygotsky adults extend children’s cognitive development through guidance and teaching, and this is clearly visible in settings today, the practitioner teaches and guides children in their care ensuring they reach their full potential. Through others we become ourselves. †- Lev S. Vgotsky. Also, Vygotsky is relevant to instructional concepts such as â€Å"scaffolding† and â€Å"apprenticeship†, in which a teacher/tutor or a more advanced peer helps to structure or arrange a task so that a less advanced person/peer can work on it successfully. Vygotsky’s theories also lead current day practice into the current interest in collaborative learning, which suggests that group members should have different levels of ability so more advanced peers can help less advanced members be successful within their zone of proximal development. Another theory that has had an impact on practices today is that of John Bowlby. He looked at and studied ‘attachment’, his 1952 report lead to huge changes with how children are treated in hospitals and institutions. A great deal of emphasis was put onto the importance of the mother and child relationship, Bowlby believed that when attachment behaviours are nurtured by the primary care giver the child feels secure and positive to explore. As this relationship grows and becomes stronger the child will feel happy to leave their parent/carer. Due to the extensive researched carried out by Bowlby we are now able to understand the influence of having key relationships. This is visible in settings today as there are key workers in place who have a selected few number of children to work with. Bowlby did extensive research into the concept of attachment, describing it as a â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings† (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). He believed that everyones early attachment styles are established in childhood through the infant/primary caregiver relationship. In addition to this, Bowlby believed that attachment aids in survival. â€Å"The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals is a basic component of human nature† (Bowlby, 1988, page 3). To conclude as a practitioner observations are vital in ensuring all children in your care reach their full potential and development further. There are many different theories on childhood development and the research carried out in these has had a massive impact on practice today and is visible within settings. How to cite Development from Conception to Age 16 Years Old, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Market Analysis of Singapore Airlines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market Analysis of Singapore Airlines. Answer: Introduction Airline industry has rapidly expanded and is still expanding along with the fast growing industries in the world (Hawken, Lovins Lovins). This report will elaborate on one of these airline industries that has highly developed within very little period. It will briefly discuss about the nature of its business and will expand on its market analysis. The main purpose of this report is to evaluate the business environment of Singapore Airlines and the various threats and opportunities that the company is facing in this globalised marketplace. The analysis of the same will be done through PESTLE and Porters five forces analysis. Nature of the business and the other relevant facts Singapore Airlines (SIA) is a well-established national carrier in Singapore. It represents the hallmark of the long history of advancement of the Singapore ("Corporate info", 2018). It is typically engaged in cargo air transportation and passenger transportation; engineering services and the airport terminal services. They are also engaged in several different activities such as tour wholesaling and training process of their staffs. It has a global presence but with a focus on the Australian and Asian markets, with more than 30,088 staffs. It was founded in the year 1972 and has now become one of the largest and the most successful airline in the world. It is the second biggest airline in the world in terms of market capitalization. The Singapore Airlines in fact was formed in the year 1947 by Liverpool, the Ocean Steamship Company as Malayan Airways but later, it was separated from the Malayan Airways (in 1972) and is known as SIA or Singapore Airlines from then. This widely known industry is contributing in promotion of world trade, economic growth, tourism and international investment since its emergence. I operates in South West Pacific, Europe, East Asia, West Asia, America and Africa, with near about 66 destinations in thirty six different countries with over 106 fleets. It consists of a fleet of about 103 aircraft. Some of its reputable fleets include Boeing 777, A380 and Boeing 747("Our Heritage", 2018). It was the first in the world to launch the non-stop flight to Los Angeles from Singapore in the year 2007. PESTLE Analysis The PESTLE framework is concerned with the understanding of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and the environmental forces that affects an industry or company and its incumbent organizations (Zvirblis Zinkeviciute, 2012). Political- Though the airline industry has now become deregulated but still this industry is highly controlled by government authorities. The government policy is playing a very important role in the overall development of the airline industry and it has a major impact of the competition landscape and the industry profitability (Contributor, 2018). The terrorist attack in US had a great ramification of profitability in the international airline industry. It has not only minimized the domestic plane travelling but has also reduced the experience of global travelling. In this stage, there were heap of factors that are disappointing the services all the airline industries but still, the Singapore Airlines in terms of performance is better than the rest of its rival companies after the attack. Economic- The economic factors includes the economic growth, interest rates, taxation changes, inflation and exchange rates. As the world economy is expanding, the demand of air travel is also increasing in a same speed (Belobaba, Odoni Barnhart, 2015). SIA has offered to purchase total stakes of nearly 24% in the China Eastern Airlines for near about 7.3 billion dollars. With the same, it has also been plagued by the various other economic factors like rise in oil prices, outbreak of bird flu, the Asian tsunami, the rising terrorism etc. However, the main economic risk is the process of SIA in its fuel costs. Social- Changes in social trends has a great influence on the product demands of the company as well as on the availability and willingness of the people to work for the same. In the year 2002, a flight of Singapore Airlines, named SQ006 has experienced a fatal crash at Taipeis Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport (National Library Board, 2018). SIA took the complete responsibility by saying that it was due to pilot error and has offered 400,000 dollars as a compensation to the died individuals relatives. It has changed every engine motors of each of their aircraft for retaining its customers but still the accident has influenced heavily the mind of people and is making a societal affect on SIA (Baum, 2015). With the same, Flu and SARS epidemic (2009) has resulted in minimizing the stock of Singapore Airlines by four percent and has raised the passengers worries. Technological- Advancement in technology is a major driver behind the improvement of airline efficiency, enhancing the customer experience, lowering of the operational costs and personalizing or modifying the customer service (Taneja, 2017). It also has the potential to pose a threat to the overall airline that could change the method how people live, work and interact with the other people. Skype web meeting, for example, is now becoming very prevalent and this could lower the demands for face-to-face meetings and the business travel. Legal- The legal factors include change in global and regional regulatory framework and lawsuits in the case of service deficiency and pricing (Cattaneo et al., 2013). The airline industry differs vastly across the countries and in this way, it is underscoring the importance of Singapore Airlines to adhere to the existing regulatory standards as applicable. Changes in these regulatory frameworks of SIA can affect its business and can also influence at global level. With the same, the SIA is an international carrier and it deals with thousands of passengers and customers on a daily basis across different geographies and therefore, any problem related to its service lead to lawsuits. The airline industry has also fined with 112 million dollars for allegedly being a part of the price-fixing cartel by European Commission in the year 2017. Environmental- Airline industry runs under the pressure of saving the environment by minimizing the noise pollution, air pollution, and reducing the contribution to global warming (Howes, Skea Whelan, 2013) By having a look on these environmental factors, SIA has maintained its successful brand position in the market and has provided its long term benefits to its customers. If it does not continue to do the same, it may face many challenges such as the air traffic crisis of 2010, which was caused because of the volcanic eruption in Ireland. Due to this, SIA has spend near about 2 trillion dollars on the implementation of new aircrafts and is working on replacing the cleaner and greener A380 aircraft to minimize the emission of carbon dioxide by 21 percent and is still committed for reducing the same by 50% until 2050 (Bows-Larkin Anderson, 2013). It has also replaced the old planes and is using efficient fuel for saving energy ground resources. Porters five forces Threat of new-entrants SIA is concerned about its rivals and competitors because it is very competitive. As compared to other existing industries, the threat of new entrants in the airline industries is weak. It has already started with Air Canada and Garuda of Indonesia, pursuing to restrain the SIAs entry to the domestic markets. In addition, rise of global megacarriers like the U.S and European airlines have merged and formed alliances in order to cut the costs ("SIA has lost market share and needs new strategy", 2018). This has intensified the competition for SIA to a great extent. Threat of services and substitute products Due to globalization, there is increasing investment in the transportation links between all the major geographical hubs that includes the ones that are served by SIA ("External Industrial Environment Analysis for Singapore airline - Business Economics - The Best Way to Share Discover Documents - DocGo.Net", 2018). There is also a possibility of high-speed railway connections, which is prevailing between the major cities of Eurasia in near future. Bargaining power of the suppliers The bargaining power of the suppliers is very high in airline sector. SIA is very much concerned about this because in case if the oil or fuel price of the jets increases, it will have a good impact on the entire airline industry. There will be no option for the company to choose from. For example, in December 4, 2007, increase in oil price was resulted in an increase in the fuel surcharge for the plane/jet tickets on that very day (Singapore Airlines 2017 outlook:, 2018). Since supplier has the powerful bargaining power, relative position of airline business is weak. Bargaining power of the buyers The buying power of the buyers is very high in the airline industry. There are thousands of airline companies, which are operating in the Asian region. Therefore, the buyers have several options related to the airline he wants to fly in. Intensity of market rivalries There are few rivalries in the enormous airline industry but it takes place route-to-route. For example, the rivalries would be intensive in case if the routes were well serviced by the different airlines, for example, the London to New York or the Paris to Frankfurt. With the same, there are other routes, which are monopolized by few carriers, such as that of the Kangaroo Route. Kangaroo routes involve connections between the New Zealand, Southeast Asia and Australia. Since there are fewer carriers that are functioning in this route, therefore, the competition is inclined to be less fierce. Recommendations Instead of having more number of partnerships, SIA could prefer to add more destinations and aircrafts. It will help SIA to develop its customer service and will sustain its present position. It must always be conscious about its external environment and identify the prevailing opportunities and threats in its business for remaining competitive in the market. It could make use of lesser number of benefits by the existing alliances and by contributing to its partners with services and other benefits. It is observed that SIA is not working much on branding and marketing. This has resulted in low customer satisfactory level. Hence, it must work more on this in order to remain competitive by providing excellent services to its customers and continuing to have a strong workforce. This in turn will increase the customer satisfactory level. It must improve the channels and media of communication. This in turn will contribute in improving its entire communication plan. Executive officer of SIA must remove the ineffective employees from the industry and hire employees for looking after tasks like scanning magazines, newspapers, articles, journals, reviews, forums, bulletins and so on to become aware of the information that are unseen and to take appropriate decisions accordingly for the future operation and functioning. It must also choose quality managers for every department to help dealing with different forces present in its business environment. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above analysis that the external environment has enormous influence on Singapore Airlines. However, there is less danger for it in terms of rivalries and competition. The company may succumb to the competition any time. The PESTLE and Porters Five Forces analysis of SIA has helped in identifying and evaluating some of the main barriers in international, economical and political sectors. It is observed that oil price is the main and most sensitive issue that is prevailing globally and with each passing day, it is getting into the receipt of more instability. Due to this, the power of supplier is high. There is a high need for the company to develop more new markets as well as low cost arm to meet up the changing demands of the customers and to maintain its present position, SIA must take into account its external surroundings. References Baum, T. (2015). Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change?A 2015 reprise. Tourism Management,50, 204-212. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A., Barnhart, C. (Eds.). (2015).The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Bows-Larkin, A., Anderson, K. (2013). Carbon budgets for aviation or gamble with our future?. InSustainable aviation futures(pp. 65-84). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Cattaneo, O., Gereffi, G., Miroudot, S., Taglioni, D. (2013). Joining, upgrading and being competitive in global value chains: a strategic framework. Corporate info. (2018).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018, from https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/us/about-us/ External Industrial Environment Analysis for Singapore airline - Business Economics - The Best Way to Share Discover Documents - DocGo.Net. (2018).DocGo.Net. Retrieved 10 January 2018, from https://docgo.net/external-industrial-environment-analysis-for-singapore-airline Hawken, P., Lovins, A. B., Lovins, L. H. (2013).Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution. Howes, R., Skea, J., Whelan, B. (2013).Clean and competitive: motivating environmental performance in industry. National Library Board, S. (2018).Crash of Singapore Airlines Flight SQ006 | Infopedia.Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 13 January 2018, from https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1813_2011-07-13.html Our Heritage. (2018).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018, from https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/us/flying-withus/our-story/our-heritage/ SIA has lost market share and needs newManagement strategy. (2018).The Straits Times. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sia-has-lost-market-share-and-needs-new-strategy Singapore Airlines 2017 outlook:. (2018).CAPA - Centre for Aviation. Retrieved 12 January 2018, from https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/singapore-airlines-2017-outlook-further-pressure-on-yields-as-premium-position-is-reinforced-321257 Taneja, N. K. (2017).Driving airline business strategies through emerging technology. Ã… ½virblis, A. Zinkevi?i?te, V., (2012). The integrated evaluation of the macro environment of companies providing transport services.Transport,23(3), pp.266-272.

Friday, November 29, 2019

College And Athletes Essays - Cheating, Point Shaving,

College And Athletes Sports have always been one of American's favorite pastimes. Americans love the thrill of hard competition. College athletics has always been at the heart of this. It has always been something more pure than professional athletics. In recent years college athletics has changed for the worse. Players have drifted away from what it used to mean to play college sports. They have fallen into illegal activities and have left fans disappointed. One of the reasons for this change is the lack of funds for the players. There are many benefits to paying college athletes. In many cases, scholarship athletes are treated differently than academic scholarship recipients. There are unnecessary National Collegiate Athletic Association rules that restrict and even punish scholarship athletes. Embarrassed when one of its nonsensical rules was challenged in court by sophomore running back Darnell Autry of Northwestern, the sorry-you-can't-do-that specialist on Overland Park, Kansas rounded up enough members of their Administrative Review Panel (ARP) to over turn the original ruling and grant a waiver to Autry that allows him to accept a bit part in a feature film called The Eighteenth Angel (McCallum, 1996). It is not right that a football player, who loves drama, is not allowed to perform with his class and be treated the same way. The rest of Autry's class was to get paid for their performance but because of this he was originally not even permitted to perform with them. He was eventually allowed to perform but was not paid for his performance that every other student in the class was to be compensated for. Something needs to change in the rulebooks regarding the absurd rules. The Autry case was not the first case that protested a useless rule in the N.C.A.A. rules and procedures. And remember that the troublesome bylaw that almost tripped up Autry is still on the books, undoubtedly to be changed again (McCallum, 1996). Some of the rules are old fashioned and useless in today's society. Darnell Autry is in a drama class and the N.C.A.A. is hurting his education by limiting his experience in that class. The N.C.A.A. should not have jurisdiction over a players earnings outside his sports participation. The rules need to be looked at and changed. Even if each and every one of its ruler-to-the-wrist statutes was written for a sound reason, the collective impact is that the N.C.A.A.'s treatment of the student-athlete has become capricious, unnecessarily punitive and hopelessly out-of-date (McCallum, 1996). One of the biggest complaints lately from college basketball fans is that to many athletes are leaving college early to enter the draft. Now some athletes are going straight from high school to the NBA and skipping college altogether. A record number of athletes who are still eligible to play college ball have entered next month's National Basketball Association draft, and have plans for two new professional leagues for teen-agers threaten to diminish the talent pool for college teams (Blum, 1996). This upsets fans because they don't get to see the best players. The nations top high-school player, Kobe Bryant, was one of three seniors this year to declare themselves eligible for the draft (Blum, 1996). Fans will follow a team through bad years and good years but if a team has a good year many of its players consider leaving college for the big money in the National Basketball Association. Fans like to get to know a team and support it but become frustrated because of players leaving. Officials of big-time basketball programs are taking a new look at their sport-arguably the National Collegiate Athletic Association's most popular and lucrative-which is beset by worries that it can no longer hang on to or perhaps even attract the game's biggest stars (Blum, 1996). The biggest reason for ball players to skip out on college and to enter into the draft is because of the big money. Many players come from poor families and bad run down neighborhoods. They want an education but they do not want to miss out on a chance to make money. They also do not have enough money to pay for things that scholarships will not pay for. They should get paid a limited amount to help them live and enjoy college. That way players can get an education and then, if they choose, enter the draft after graduation. The lack of money for the players will many times entice them to fall into illegal activities. One of the illegal activities they might fall into is gambling. Boston College has announced a range of

Monday, November 25, 2019

Louis Joseph Papineau essays

Louis Joseph Papineau essays Papineau was born October 7, 1786. He was an Aristocratic Seignior of the old school who inherited from his father the seigneury of La Petite Nation (The Small Nation) on the Ottawa River. He was Speaker of the House of Assembly from 1815 to 1823 and from 1825 to 1832. With his forceful interventions in the House and his popularity as a powerful speaker, Louis-Joseph Papineau became the champion of the nationalist movement. In his youth he had great faith in British Institutions and believed that the Quebec Act was all that French Canada needed to ensure a successful development. He believed in British parliamentary democracy for the sake of what I could bring to French Canada. His goal was self-government of Quebec un the British Crown. When he reached his middle age his view points changed. He was disillusioned with the British Constitutional way. The British-based government would evade the assembly in every way possible and he saw it as a poor base and example for the French Canadian to follow. He then turned to the American way. He admired the American way to insist on independence and the fundamental rights of each individual. Papineau ambitioned a democratic republic. As leader of the Canadian Party, which later became the Patriot Party, he made an important speech in the House of Assembly on February 28, 1834, on the Ninety-two Resolutions which criticized the oligarchic system of the government. He demanded that the elected assembly could have more control over colonial revenues, and more political control as well. London responded to these requests rejecting all the demands made, causing an economic crises (especially for the Farmers which couldnt afford new products to re-farm) to flourish in Lower Canada. Their terms only swelled the discontent, and rebellion took shape. In 1836, warrants were issued for the arrest of Louis-Joseph Papineau and the other main leade ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Global and International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global and International - Essay Example Magon focused on the manufacture of winemaking, which served as a platform for agricultural activities of the Roman. The Romans acclaimed Magon’s treatise and regarded it as valuable. Consequently, the Romans transferred the treatise to Rome upon the obliteration of Carthage. The Romans translated the dissertation into the Latin language. The Byzantines, Vandals and Romans, proceeded with the production of wine in Tunisia. On the other hand, the Arab leaders repressed the production of wine after Tunisia was conquered in the 8th Century AD. The large-scale production of wine in Tunisia returned in 1881 after the French invasion. The French anticipated the benefits derived from Tunisia’s soil and climate that is naturally suitable for the production of wine. The French numerous huge vineyards for the production of wine created to French standards. However, the dynamics of production in Tunisia changed in 1956 after attaining independence. The citizens of Tunisia fully controlled the production of wine. The situation is similar presently. Numerous varied vineyards and domains currently exist in Tunisia. Nevertheless, Tunisia is yet to attain the full potential of wine production. Subsequently, the country exports minimal wine to outside countries. The drawback in realization of full potential of wine is reprehensible. The wine that Tunisia produces matches international standards. Therefore, Tunisia can compete favorably with other countries whose terrains produce exceptional wine. Tunisia offers quality and tasty wine for oenophiles inside the nation at low cost. By 2008, the area in Tunisia covered with vineyards was 31,000 hectares. Of the total land covered by vineyards, 108,000 acres is dedicated to grapes that are utilized in wine making. The major varieties of grapes found in the vineyards of Tunisia are identical to grapes in southern France. The similarity occurs because of the indulgence of France in Tunisia’s

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

HISTORY COURSEWORK PLEASE ANSWER EACH QUESTION Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HISTORY PLEASE ANSWER EACH QUESTION - Coursework Example The problem with this particular type of governance was that it lacked a central form of government that would have given it coherence and a uniform direction in governance. It was the problem of governance relating to economics, legislation of laws, and central leadership that created the problems within the confederate government. â€Å"Brackemyre, T. â€Å"Americas First Failure at Government: The Articles of Confederation†). So, while the ideas behind the conderacy form of government were based upon good intentions and safeguards, the implementation and lack of central leadership created a confusing form of governance which eventually led to the disintegration of the condeferacy. 2. The main problem they faced was not having a central form of government that could create a cohesive plan of action for the states. Since each state had individualized, extreme powers, there was an uneveness in the mode of governnance because of the federal state power. Each law that was created needed to be ratified by 9 of the then 13 states before it could be passed into law. Economically speaking the government could not directly tax the citizens so the existing congress did not hae a budget and could not request money directly from the states either. That said, any changes to the articles were hard to implement because all 13 states needed to approve the changes. There was a military problem as well due to the fact that men could not be drafted. Thus creating a smaller than usual military force. There was also a judicial problem since all the state conflicts had to be settled in state courts. Additionally, since congress did not have the power to resolve state disputes, the problems between states tended to escalate (Sage, H. â€Å"American Under the Articles of Confederation: 1783-1989) As such, the problems that existed had a tendency to escalate due to the lack of a moderating body within the government. 3. The two party system of the United States stemmed from the

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Success of Ford Motor Company Research Paper

The Success of Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example According to the paper we highlight some of the issues mentioned in the case and support it with research in the automobile industry domain. The focus is restricted to the US automobile market; though we need to consider the global car market since the automobile industry is global in nature. Manufacturing, Research and Development and raw materials are often sourced from across the globe. Similarly, products manufactured in one country are often exported and sold in several other countries. Here, we are discussing the case in the context of the automotive industry in US. There are references to the global environment also. Some of the peripheral aspects of the case also deal with the global scenario. From this discussion it is clear that the company was operating in a highly competitive US market. The US market was marked by consumers who were facing the brunt of a slow-growth economy with several macro-economic indicators at an all-time low. Naturally, this led to the demand for highly efficient automobiles. The concerns were with maximizing the value of every dollar earned. This was applicable to all consumer durable products. The political setup was stable and emphasized robust economic growth. Socio-economic forces tended to be positive for all the consumer durable goods that dominated the market. The environment was technology intensive and it permeated to all classes of products, more especially in the area of communication services. In automobile industry, hybrid cars, electric vehicles and traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles with higher fuel efficiency were making their presence felt. The industry was driven by the car manufacturers. Supplier power was low since they could not bargain for higher prices easily. Additionally, there were more suppliers who could cater to automobile companies.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Objective Of Green Building Concept Environmental Sciences Essay

The Objective Of Green Building Concept Environmental Sciences Essay Buildings, as offices, are responsible for around forty percent of the expenses borne by the business in operations. It is estimated that by the year 2050, the residential and office buildings will consume thirty eight percent of the total global energy and will release three thousand eight hundred mega tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere. Green Building is a technique of constructing buildings using processes and materials which are environment friendly and energy efficient at the same time. Buildings require air, water, energy and space for its occupants. These are provided by systems in place like the ventilation system, the water supply system and the electricity supply system. The materials which are used in the construction of the building also produce environmental impact like carbon footprint, pollution through wastes and slurry, and the consumption of water and power. Buildings are one of the major sources of pollution that cause air pollution and are responsible for climate change. The objective of green building concept is to develop buildings which use the natural resources to the minimal at the time of construction as well as operation. Green buildings emphasize on the resource usage efficiency and also press upon the three Rs Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. The technique of green building maximizes the use of efficient construction materials and practices; boosts the use of natural sources and sinks in the buildings surroundings; minimizes the energy usage to run itself; uses highly proficient equipment for the indoor area; uses highly proficient methods for water and waste management. The indoor equipment includes lighting, air-conditioning and all other needed equipment. Green Building is a team effort and the designing and construction include consultants from architecture and landscaping, air conditioning, plumbing, energy and electrical areas. These consultants have to assess the impact of the each and every design on the environment, keeping in mind the cost involved. The final design needs to be feasible and should minimize the negative impacts that the building would have on the environment. Implementation of the green building concept can lead to a reduction of carbon emission by thirty five percent, water usage by forty percent, solid waste reduction by seventy percent and reduction in energy consumption by fifty percent. Green Building concept also emphasizes on the fact that an area with high biodiversity should be avoided as a site for the construction of a building. To ensure minimum negative impact on the environment by the construction and operation of a building, the factors which are to be kept in mind are to preserve the external environment to the building location; to improve the internal area for the residents of the building; and also preserve the areas which are not close to the building. Saving Energy Energy saving through green building concept occurs in two ways. First is reduction in the amount of energy that is consumed in lighting, air conditioning and other building operations. Second is the usage of energy sources which do not produce any greenhouse gases and are renewable in nature. Green Buildings emphasize more on natural lighting and concepts of temperature control and efficient design to further reduce the carbon footprint as well as reduce cost of operation. Saving water Green Buildings use various methods to reduce water usage, treat and reuse waste water and filter water from sourced from precipitation. The target is to be able to achieve zero water table negative impact from the green building. Reducing Waste Waste reduction is one of the most important issues that are to be dealt with. In the US alone, the waste from construction and demolition of buildings accounts for sixty percent of the total non-industrial waste. Green Building concept emphasizes on improving the design of the product, re-using and recycling materials. It results in tremendous waste reduction and also helps to reduce the environmental impact of the building. Improving Health and Productivity Hygiene and proper conditions inside the building also help in boosting human productivity. Hence various businesses concentrate on this aspect. Green Building concept provides for cleanliness and sound working conditions for employees and other inhabitants. Green Building concept in USA: Green building markets in the United States of America (USA), account for five to ten percent of the total building market. The largest organisation for green building in USA is the US Green Building Council (USGBC). It has over twelve thousand member organizations and is around a financial worth of over twelve billion dollars. Some of the rating systems that have been developed for green building concept are: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Green Globes, Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), International Codes Council and American National Standards Institute. In USA, the existing buildings are accounting for forty percent of total energy consumption, twelve percent of total water usage, sixty eight percent of electricity usage, thirty eight percent of carbon dioxide emission and sixty percent of non-industrial waste generation. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating System: LEED rating system was developed in USA by the US Green Building Council in the year 1998. It provides a set of standards for environmentally sustainable construction of building using a market-based rating system. This rating system is being followed in the US and many other countries for the evaluation of sustainable building. LEED can be defined for new constructions, existing buildings, commercial buildings and schools. Buildings which have been recognized to be eligible for LEED are offices, retail establishments, institutional buildings and service establishments. LEED rating system provides a variety of benefits and cost savings. The benefits include reducing the operating costs, reducing resource utilizations in terms of water and electricity, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The other cost savings includes the tax rebates and zone allowances. LEED rating system provides four levels of rating to a building design: Certified 26-32 pts Silver 33-38 pts Gold 39-51 pts Platinum 52-69 pts The points are obtained by the building through the following design issues: Sustainable sites 14 pts Innovation and design 5 pts Energy and atmosphere 17 pts Indoor quality 15 pts Materials and resources 13 pts Water efficiency 5 pts Green Building concept in India In India, a number of agencies are involved in the Green Building concept execution and monitoring. The major agencies are Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was established in 1974 and is headquartered at New Delhi. TERI has developed a new rating system for Green Building assessment. This rating system is called Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). In India, both the LEED and the GRIHA rating systems are followed along with the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 given by BEE. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) rating system: GRIHA was developed by TERI and has been adopted by the ministry of new and renewable resources. It takes into account the variations in the climate, architectural practices followed and the practices for construction and also keeps the National Building Code 2005 as well as the Energy Conservation Building Code 2007. GRIHA has been specially created keeping in mind the non-air conditioned and the partially air conditioned buildings. GRIHA provides ratings for institutional, residential and commercial buildings. The emphasis is on the national concerns for environment, the weather and climate conditions, and providing solutions. According to the information collected, the following hypothesis is formulated: H: The benefits of Green Building approach are significantly greater than the costs incurred to go green Green Building concept and corporate sustainability: For corporations, green building concept comes with a bundle of benefits. The benefits include: Potentially higher capital value in the future for the building Risk of obsolescence decreases The demand from institutional investors increases Operating costs reduce for the building The attrition for the tenant decreases The maintenance cost reduces The need for refurbishment in the future decreases Green Building concept also helps in ensuring that the business stays insulated from any energy price increase in the future Cost and Benefits of Green Buildings: Figure : Source: Greening our built world: Costs, Benefits and Strategies The major barrier found towards Green Building concept, through research conducted, is the widespread perception amongst people that the upfront costs involved in the development of a green building are significantly higher than those of conventional buildings. In a survey, by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in the year 2007, it was found that the people perceived the green buildings initial setup costs to be higher than the conventional buildings by 17 percent. This perception of the people was found to be wrong. 170 buildings were analysed in the research in Greening our built world. The analysis revealed that the green buildings cost, on an average, less than 2 percent more than the conventional buildings, also providing a large range of additional benefits. The same survey, by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, also found that the people perceive buildings to produce around 20 percent of the CO2 emission. This perception is also wrong since buildings produce around 40 percent of the world CO2 emissions. The architects and the developers interviewed from these 170 buildings gave information on the premium, in terms of cost of turning green. The following figure illustrates the cost premium that is incurred, in green building development according to the levels of certification by LEED rating system. It shows that more than 80 out of the 170 buildings analysed have incurred less than 2 percent premium in going green. Figure : Source: Greening Our Built World: Costs, Benefits and Strategies The average costs and benefits analysed through the research are also listed in the form of a graph. It provides a comparison of the additional costs incurred by going green in schools and offices, and the simultaneous benefits received. The graph clearly suggests that the benefits far outweigh the costs incurred. Figure : Source: Greening Our Built World: Costs Benefits and Strategies Another perception that people have about green buildings is that a green building necessarily has to air conditioned. This perception is also proved wrong by the application of green building concepts to some of the Indian like the Gulbarga and the Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management. The third misleading perception about green buildings that people have is that green buildings typically take more time to be developed than a conventional building. This perception is also not true. (Urban Sustainability and Green Buildings for the 21st Century, 2009) Hunzinger Construction University Case: Hunzinger Construction University achieved Platinum level LEED certification in Green Building concept. It has been able to achieve savings in water, energy and increased usage of green materials. Water efficiency has been achieved through various measures like dual flush water closet, waterless urinals and efficient lavatory faucets. These methods have led to a saving of 7700 gallons of water per annum. Energy efficiency was achieved using intelligent lighting systems which could control light intensity and power usage, and work with the day light intensity control. Automatic shut-off systems were also used. Using these techniques, HCU has achieved more than 34 percent reduction in power density, significantly more than the specifications of ANSI. HCU has opted for green power generation like solar panels and wind power, to minimise its power requirements from conventional power sources. The construction material used in the HCU comprised of more than 57 percent of salvaged recycled materials. These practices have led to a decreased operation cost as well as reduced impact on environment. The case has been published in Journal of Green Building, 2008. Woods Hole Research Centre Case: Woods Hole Research Centre (WHRC) is an independent, non-for-profit, NGO with core focus on environmental studies, education and creation of new and innovative policies. The research facility spans 19,300 sq. feet and has been designed with the target of achieving zero net-energy building status. It has been fitted with a solar photovoltaic system on the roof and a wind turbine for electricity generation. The design of building provides natural lighting to reduce energy consumption and also provides for insulation materials which are CFC-free. The HVAC system installed in the complex provides for an energy efficient heating, cooling and ventilation. The target of the photovoltaic system is to provide for 33 percent of the energy requirements of the complex while the rest is provided by the wind powered turbine system. The facility requires a total of 90964 kiloWatt-hour electrical energy, out of which 60720 kiloWatt-hour was provided by utility grid and the remaining 30244 kiloWatt-h our was provided by the Photovoltaic System. The case is an extract from the Journal of Green Building, 2008. The following figure compares the energy intensity of the Woods Hole Research Centres other facilities, average of US offices and the newly constructed WHRC facility. Figure : Source: Journal of Green Building, volume 3, 2008 Nordheim Court Case: Nordheim Court is a student housing facility for University of Washington. It forms a great example of the operational and setup benefits of green building concept with the right choice of strategies. The building has been constructed with a budget of 85 dollars per sq. feet. The energy efficiency of the building far surpasses the Washington State Energy Code standards and the water consumption in the building is less by 30 percent than a conventional building. The construction waste has been diverted to prevent 589 tonnes of landfills. This procedure of waste diversion has also resulted in a saving of 14582 dollars. University of Sunshine Coast Chancellery Case: University of Sunshine Coast is located in Queensland, Australia. One of the parts of the university called the Chancellery has been designed on green building standards. The total fossil fuel based energy consumption of the building is around 133 kiloWatt-hour per sq. metre which is less than the 152 kiloWatt-hour per sq. metre. The building uses a combined mode of ventilation system which provides natural ventilation as well as fully air conditioned area without any natural ventilation. This helps in reducing the CO2 emissions from the building. The lighting system used in the building also uses natural light and light intensity control systems to provide better energy efficiency to the building. (St. Clair, Peter Hyde, Richard, 2009) Green Building performance in India Name of the Project Location Built-up Area (sq ft.) Rating Achieved Increase in Cost (percent) Payback Period (Years) CII-Sorabji Godrej GBC Hyderabad 20,000 Platinum 18 7 ITC Green Centre Gurgaon 170,000 Platinum 15 6 Wipro Gurgaon 175,000 Platinum 8 5 Technopolis Kolkata 72,000 Gold 6 3 Spectral Services Consultants Office Noida 15,000 Platinum 8 4 HITAM Hyderabad 78,000 Silver 2 3 Grundfos Pump Chennai 40,000 Gold 6 3 Figure : Source: CII According to studies, in a project worth 5 million dollars, an additional expenditure on green building concept of 100 thousand dollars results in a saving of 1 million dollars over a period of 20 years. One Indiabulls Centre in Lower parel, Mumbai is a fine case of green building initiatives that have been undertaken in India. The material usage in the centre have been through use of fly ash in concrete, recycled metal content in steel used, low VOC content paints, efficient HVAC systems. The centre also includes a sewage treatment plant, solar panels for heating water, water harvesting system as well as a roof top garden. Figure : Source: Indiabulls Real Estate The cost benefit analysis from the project of One Indiabulls Centre is given below. The savings resulting from the concept of green building is substantial. Figure : Source: CII, Indiabulls Real Estate

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Free Essays - Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God When faced with urgent moral conflicts such as during the hurricane in Zora Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, men generally have two choices: help others or help themselves. Hurston's characters choose to they help others before attending to their own needs for survival. The characters' actions are typical of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of the categorical imperative: actions are intrinsically good and do not find justification in their effects, nor does one expect compensation for his actions. In short, one could say that the very lack of thought on the part of Hurston's characters indicates the characters unyielding confidence in their beliefs and the basic moral goodness they possess. The first event in Hurston's story is the evacuation of the muck as Lake Okechobee overtakes the characters' village. Hurston's characters could run away as fast as their legs can carry them, but they instead notify neighbors without delay. As Hurston describes it, "They cried out as best they could, `De lake is comin'!' and barred doors flew open and others joined them in flight..." (154). They expect nothing for their actions, but they inevitably save many families. Moreover, although Motor Boat refuses to leave the high house, he still makes an offer to his friends which is as selfless as he can make it: "Mah mamma's house is yours" (155). Motor Boat acknowledges his friends' trouble, as well as his own, but he offers his mother's house as a lodging simply because it is the right thing to do. Contrary to what might be contended, the white people on the Six Mile Bend bridge, however, are not necessarily demonstrating egoism. A finite area of bridge exists, and if white people were there first (156), then the white people can claim its use. On the other hand, they could be charitable by moving on after a rest and allowing the weary blacks to rest before continuing the journey to Palm Beach or high ground. Hurston could be again demonstrating her perceived differences between the races, but the degree of racism depends on readers' viewpoints. Not too long afterwards, Tea Cake demonstrates benevolence as he notices a man trapped between an electrified tin roof and a rattlesnake. Tea Cake notices the man's predicament and stops to urge him to move to his left. Readers can presume the man was freed by taking Tea Cake's advice, but in the spirit of the categorical imperative, Tea Cake does not wait in expectation of laurels. Free Essays - Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays Doing the Right Thing in Their Eyes Were Watching God When faced with urgent moral conflicts such as during the hurricane in Zora Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, men generally have two choices: help others or help themselves. Hurston's characters choose to they help others before attending to their own needs for survival. The characters' actions are typical of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of the categorical imperative: actions are intrinsically good and do not find justification in their effects, nor does one expect compensation for his actions. In short, one could say that the very lack of thought on the part of Hurston's characters indicates the characters unyielding confidence in their beliefs and the basic moral goodness they possess. The first event in Hurston's story is the evacuation of the muck as Lake Okechobee overtakes the characters' village. Hurston's characters could run away as fast as their legs can carry them, but they instead notify neighbors without delay. As Hurston describes it, "They cried out as best they could, `De lake is comin'!' and barred doors flew open and others joined them in flight..." (154). They expect nothing for their actions, but they inevitably save many families. Moreover, although Motor Boat refuses to leave the high house, he still makes an offer to his friends which is as selfless as he can make it: "Mah mamma's house is yours" (155). Motor Boat acknowledges his friends' trouble, as well as his own, but he offers his mother's house as a lodging simply because it is the right thing to do. Contrary to what might be contended, the white people on the Six Mile Bend bridge, however, are not necessarily demonstrating egoism. A finite area of bridge exists, and if white people were there first (156), then the white people can claim its use. On the other hand, they could be charitable by moving on after a rest and allowing the weary blacks to rest before continuing the journey to Palm Beach or high ground. Hurston could be again demonstrating her perceived differences between the races, but the degree of racism depends on readers' viewpoints. Not too long afterwards, Tea Cake demonstrates benevolence as he notices a man trapped between an electrified tin roof and a rattlesnake. Tea Cake notices the man's predicament and stops to urge him to move to his left. Readers can presume the man was freed by taking Tea Cake's advice, but in the spirit of the categorical imperative, Tea Cake does not wait in expectation of laurels.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Mtv’s 16 & Pregnant Glorifies Teen Pregnancy Essay

According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 86 percent of mothers who give birth out-of-wedlock are teenagers. MTV’s show â€Å"16 & Pregnant,† which has only been on air since June 2009, is already reflecting the rapid boom in teenage pregnancy across various cities in America. Since the early eighties MTV has been considered somewhat of a cultural phenomenon for American adolescents and its depiction of gender has a strong impact that continues to this day (Holtzman 2000). Created by Morgan J.  Freeman (director of teen shows Dawson’s Creek and Laguna Beach), the show â€Å"16 & Pregnant† has been said to be guilty of exacerbating, normalizing and even glorifying teen pregnancy. Perhaps, it’s just reflecting a current social dilemma occurring amongst female youth. Each week a new episode revolves around a different girl struggling with the challenges of teenage pregnancy. The network presents these characters as â€Å"real†, plucked from the grips of reality, validated and â€Å"chosen† to represent some sort of normalized or otherwise glamorized middle-class identity of teenage motherhood. The show depicts women’s roles that are often typified to include traditional gendered norms of heterosexual relationships, marriage, motherhood and femininity. â€Å"16 & Pregnant† serves as a platform to broadcast what is seen as a stereotypical American culture that is now engulfing teen girls everywhere. The social identities MTV presents reinforces those of traditional female roles and gender norms and attempts to establish a new model for pregnant teens in a modern age. Just by airing the show, MTV is assimilating new ideas of teen pregnancy into American society. Historically, there has always been some sort of unspoken Christian tradition that has governed American women’s birth rights; that one should not get pregnant out-of-wedlock. Today, however, teenage pregnancy is so rampant that families are forced to deal with the situation in a positive manner, often honoring the decision the child has made in regards to keeping and raising the newborn child (Gallagher 2009). In a 2004 survey, the Parents Television Council reported that MTV is the most watched program for those between the ages of 12 and 19. Studies showed watching MTV created a more liberal attitude toward pre-martial sex. Teenagers who watch MTV receive messages about sex that are likely to sway their own behavior. MTV is shaping the identity of the â€Å"teenage mom,† a pregnant 16 year old high school student whose uncertainty about motherhood is due to the fact that she views her pregnancy as the consequence of a selfish action that was ultimately unavoidable. 16 & Pregnant† normalizes sexual behavior that eventually forces teenage girls into the traditional gender role of the â€Å"grieving mother†, one who is forced to take care of a baby while struggling to support herself (Schmidt 2009). The first episode of â€Å"16 & Pregnant† takes place in Chattanooga, Tennessee and documents the life of Maci who gets pregnant by her first boyfriend, Ryan. For Maci, adoption and abortion were never an option, she figured she made the decision to have unprotected sex so now she must deal with the consequences. At one point during an argument in the show, Ryan yells out, â€Å"If we didn‘t have a kid, we wouldn’t be together,† and it’s clear from watching the that the two are still just teens. Maci struggles to take care of her newborn child, who, once born, requires constant attention and deals with the turmoil of trying to get Ryan involved in the relationship of fatherhood. The â€Å"teen mom† is now a stable identity offered up on the MTV network to heterosexual female youth; a child who is forced to mature and deal with adult realities as an accepted way of life. The show is sending a message that it is normal for teenage girls to deal with such serious issues as: birth control, adoption, abortion, marriage, and finances, further cementing these issues into the female identity at a young age. Maci symbolizes that it is now acceptable for a sixteen year old girl to be a dedicated mother in America. Episode two introduces Farrah, a cheerleader from Council Bluffs, Iowa who juggles school, work and cheer practice. Her life becomes a lot more complicated when she finds out she is pregnant. Farrah’s best friend turns on her spreading nasty rumors, forcing Farrah to finish school online. Farrah’s ex-boyfriend, also the baby’s father, begins to harass her after he finds out she is pregnant which leads her to change her number. â€Å"I would have never lost my virginity to someone I believed would treat me like this,† Farrah exclaims about her ex-boyfriend. Farrah struggles with single motherhood and has to deal with a judgmental parent who looks down upon her decisions. Episode two again reinforces traditional American cultural eliefs of female gender roles by portraying the woman as the single mother, ultimately responsible for the child, showing the girl dealing with emotional problems while trying to hold the family together, tasks and situations often associated with femininity. These images become engrained on a young viewers minds and being sixteen and pregnant becomes just another fad for young girls to consider. â€Å"MTV has a long history of reflecting the lives of our viewers with compelling reality stories,† says Tony DiSanto, MTV’s president of programming. The program’s featured girls come from rural Mid-Western or Southern states, usually from small, working-class towns, in attempt to appeal to teenage girls of the same background. The implicit message at the center of the series’ class prejudice implies that working-class girls from middle America, should opt to have a child because it’s as good a road to character development as working on the high school yearbook (Bellafante 2009). The show reinforces the stereotype that a woman is at least a good mother, if not anything else and displaces the identity of â€Å"teen mom† onto middle American teenage girls. 16 and Pregnant† seems to, above all, incite viewers to working-class voyeurism, given how many cliches of lower-income American life are exploited. It could be possible that other MTV shows, are themselves, responsible for increases in teenage pregnancy. Shows such as â€Å"The Hills† and â€Å"The Real World† both portray the loose sexual morals of a younger generation, which eventually leads to an adoption of those ideals from the show’s younger viewers. Researchers at the Rand Corp. say they have documented for the first time how such exposure to sexual content on TV can influence teen pregnancy rates. They found that teens exposed to the most sexual content on TV are twice as likely as teens watching less of this material to become pregnant before they reach age twenty. This means that if teenagers think having sex is the â€Å"norm† they will continue to engage in it. â€Å"The relationship between exposure of this kind of content on TV and the risk of later pregnancy is fairly strong,† says Anita Chandra, a behavioral scientist. â€Å"Even if it were diminished by other contributing factors, the association still holds† (Bellafante 2009). So, is it in fact MTV who is esponsible for the abundance of pregnant teens it is helping to exploit? One thing for sure is that such a program like â€Å"16 & Pregnant† is endorsing and sanctioning teenage girls as hyper-sexed individuals. So, why does a television show have such an immense impact on the female identity? Sociologist Chris Barker’s study of British Asian girls’ television viewing practices in the U. K. suggest that soap operas provide young women with resources to discuss issues that may not be sanctioned within some of the religious and cultural spaces they inhabit (N&K 2008). Nayak and Kehily, authors of Gender Youth & Culture (2008), would argue that this theory could be applied to teenage girls and reality television shows in the U. S. By watching these shows the conceptualization of â€Å"appropriate femininities† are derived. These shows allow young girls to make moral and ethical judgments about what they see and refashion gender values to suit their own identities (N&K 2008). The girls in â€Å"16 & Pregnant† largely conform to the values of normative femininity in their search for romance, marriage, and long term happiness with a male partner In the end, MTV is glamorizing the life of a teen mother and cementing its identity in a society where sex at a younger and younger age is already becoming the norm. â€Å"16 & Pregnant† is perpetuating the normalization of traditional gender roles by portraying young girls who have already been forced to take on such general notions of femininity and female identity. The young, unwed mom has now become a new identity for young girls to aspire to. Popular culture and the ways in which it is consumed forms a key site for the learning of gender identities, and MTV is the designated teacher.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Creating a Nonfiction Book Proposal

Creating a Nonfiction Book Proposal For millennia, the human race relied on oral tradition to pass on history, mythology, and religion on to the next generation. With the revolutionary advent of the written language, the human race merely began to write down what had been delivered for generations, in speeches. Therefore, it seems intuitive to this writer, having a strong background in public speaking, that the same guidelines that govern good public speaking also govern good nonfiction writing.There are as many approaches to writing nonfiction as there are nonfiction writers. As the adage goes, there is more than one way to skin a cat. What is presented here may not be the best way for you, but it has worked for me, and it will be appealing to anyone with a background in public speaking.In order for a book to be considered nonfiction, it is assumed that at least the author believes that the content he is setting forth is historically or empirically true. In the case of a book on the Mayan calendar, for example, the au thor himself does not need to believe in the religion or astrological processes of the Mayan people. He does, however, have to be convinced that he is giving a true representation of their beliefs.This means that nonfiction writing is very much like persuasive speaking. Some are polemic in nature, attacking another established position. Others are more akin to apologetics. I use the word apologetics in the academic sense and not in its common usage. An apologia is a formal argument or defense of something, such as a position or a system.Although your topic may not seem as volatile as a public debate, you were, no doubt, drawn to it because there is some degree of controversy to it. There is nothing wrong with that. In fact, controversial topics get better traction. If it were a settled matter, you would not be writing the book and others would not bother to read it.A novelist often desires to leave readers wandering, to leave questions unanswered for as long as they dare string the reader along. When one writes a novel, they dont want to answer the readers questions until the reader has had time to ponder them awhile. When approaching nonfiction as you would a persuasive speech, you want to be much more deliberate. Slight cliffhangers are acceptable, but you want to lead your reader from point to point with as few lose ends as possible. You want to answer those questions for them so that they can move with you to your deeper line of reasoning. In fact, you may wish to preempt many of their questions; ask them in your book before they think of the question, so that they can see how you have cross examined yourself. This will help your reader trust your line of reasoning better.If your nonfiction is narrative in nature, then your outline is the chronology of events. If your book will be topical in nature, this type of outline could prove very valuable to you. What follows here is a typical outline for a persuasive speech, and how you can use it to start organizi ng your book.TopicThis is the easy part. Most writers have a few of these kicking around in their head at any given time.PurposeYour purpose may never appear in print, as such, in your book, but you need to know what it is. You need to have the mission of your book at the forefront of your mind at all times.Thesis StatementYour thesis statement is a concise description of the work you are setting down to write. Can you sum up the message of your book in one, or no more than two, sentences? If not, you need to further refine your message.IntroductionIn public speaking, one would need something to first get the attention of their audience. The same is true of your book. Some use an ice breaker, such as a humorous or anecdotal story that segues nicely into their theme. Others use a more aggressive approach. They will start with a very shocking or controversial statement to create an intentional tension. Either of these tools will serve your introduction well.Your books Introduction mig ht include one or multiple chapters. In the first chapter, you could do as I have just described and get the attention of your reader with some anecdotal story or some shocking proclamation. In the second chapter, you could tie that opening attention-grabber to your readers in some way. In the third, lay out your purpose and thesis. Of course, all of this could be in your opening chapter, depending on how concise you want to be.One note of caution: Many modern readers are not sitting down for long periods of time but rather read books in bite-sized chunks. This means that many readers will find many smaller chapters more appealing than fewer longer chapters. A writer must, as a public speaker must, always keep their audience in mind as they craft their outline.BodyIf you look closely at your main points, you will see that they have a progression of logic to them. In other words, one would need to be addressed before another. Some points will have to build upon the strength of others .While each of your arguments may serve as individual chapters, once you have supported them with research, you can organize them in related groups and organize those groups in a logical order.If you are looking to add weight to your work, ask yourself whether you have considered giving to each of your points a reason, an example, and an application. Not all of your points will merit such care, but considering them for each point will ensure you are being thorough.ConclusionYou can signal that you are wrapping things up by putting different points from the body of your work together to come up with a third point. This is called a syllogism: Fact A plus fact B produces a third dependent fact, Fact C.This is also the time to summarize your objective, perhaps more assertively, more boldly than you did in the introduction. It will also be necessary to apply abstract or lofty ideas from your work to your readers daily life or encapsulating them in more common language that they can take with them, from your book. Finally, depending on the genre you are writing in, it may be appropriate to challenge your reader to take action or to make a decision based upon what you have conveyed.Ordering Your IdeasYou can begin organizing your nonfiction book right now, as you are reading this article.Take a piece of paper and write down your purpose and thesis. Next, begin writing points down as they come to you. Your subject is likely a topic about which you are passionate, or you wouldnt be writing a book about it; so these points should come readily to you with just a little reflection.If you write them down on paper with a pen, after you are done, read over the page a few times. You will begin to notice that many of your points, arguments, and supporting statements are related. Begin to organize those by highlighting or using a numbering system. After this is done, you will have narrowed your points down under umbrella categories. Points that are outliers, or do not fit under any of the primary themes, should likely be dismissed.If pen and paper never factor into your writing process, you can do this on your computer screen. It makes ordering the ideas as easy as Cut and Paste. As good as this sounds, many find the brainstorming session is more creative when they are physically writing the ideas down.If you have done that, you are ready to create an outline for your nonfiction book.  Plug your organized ideas into your outlines Introduction, Body, and Conclusion and then get writing.